Everything about French Presidential Election 2007 totally explained
The
2007 French presidential election, the ninth of the
Fifth French Republic was held to elect the successor to
Jacques Chirac as
president of
France for a five-year term.
The winner, decided on
6 May 2007, was
Nicolas Sarkozy. The first round of voting took place on Sunday,
22 April 2007. As no candidate obtained an
absolute majority, a
second round between the two leading candidates,
Nicolas Sarkozy and
Ségolène Royal, took place on Sunday,
6 May 2007.
Sarkozy and Royal both represented a generational change; Sarkozy is the first president born after
World War II and the first not to have been in politics under
Charles de Gaulle; Royal shares those same characteristics.
Summary of results
The first round saw a very high turnout of 85% — 37.6 million of the 44 million
electorate voted from a
population of 62 million. The results of that round saw Sarkozy and Royal qualify for the second round with Sarkozy getting 31% and Royal 26%.
François Bayrou came third (19%) and
Jean-Marie Le Pen fourth (10%), unlike
in 2002 when Le Pen got a surprising 16.9% and qualified for the second round.
Immediately after the first round's results were made official, four defeated left-wing candidates —
José Bové,
Marie-George Buffet,
Arlette Laguiller and
Dominique Voynet — urged their supporters to vote for Royal. This was the first time since 1981 that Laguiller had endorsed the Socialist Party's candidate.
Olivier Besancenot called his supporters to vote against Sarkozy.
Frédéric Nihous and
Gérard Schivardi never officially supported either Royal or Sarkozy.
Philippe de Villiers called for a vote for Sarkozy. Le Pen told his voters to "abstain massively" in the second round.
On
25 April, Bayrou declared he wouldn't support either candidate in the runoff, and announced he'd form a new political party called the
Democratic Movement. He criticised both major candidates, and offered to debate them. Royal agreed to hold a televised debate, while Sarkozy offered to have a private discussion but not a televised
debate.
By around 6:15pm local time on 6 May, Belgian and Swiss news sources such as
Le Soir (External Link
),
RTBF (External Link),
La Libre Belgique (External Link) and
La Tribune de Genève (External Link) had announced Nicolas Sarkozy as the winner of the second round, citing preliminary exit poll data. The final CSA estimate showed him winning with 53% of the votes cast. Royal conceded defeat to Sarkozy that evening.
Results
First round and analysis
Nationwide, Nicolas Sarkozy obtained 31% and Ségolène Royal 26% — while in 2002,
Jacques Chirac had obtained 20%, and
Lionel Jospin 16.18%. The right-of-centre François Bayrou obtained 18.6% this time, nearly tripling his 2002 result (6.8%). National Front (FN) candidate, Jean-Marie Le Pen, made only 10.4%, compared to his stunning 16.9% finish in 2002. Along with the April-May shift to the far right made by Sarkozy, this has led many commentators to allege that traditional voters of the FN had been tempted by Sarkozy. On a global scale, the left-wing reached 36% of the votes, against 19% for the "centre", 33% for the right wing and 11% for the
far right.
Other candidates received a much lower share of the vote than they'd in 2002, with
Olivier Besancenot (
Revolutionary Communist League, LCR) failing to achieve the 5% necessary to have his political campaign reimbursed by the state. Besancenot received 4.1%, compared to 4.3% in 2002. He was followed by the traditionalist
Philippe de Villiers (2.2%), Communist
Marie-George Buffet (1.9%, compared to 3.4% for
Robert Hue in 2002), Greens candidate
Dominique Voynet (1.6%, compared to 5.3% for
Noël Mamère in 2002),
Workers' Struggle's candidate
Arlette Laguiller (1.3%, compared to 5.7% in 2002),
alter-globalisation candidate
José Bové (1.3%),
Frédéric Nihous (1.2%, against 4.2% for
Jean Saint-Josse in 2002) and finally
Gérard Schivardi with 0.3% (
Daniel Gluckstein had achieved 0.5% in 2002). The
abstention rate was 15.4%.
With an overall record-rate of participation of 84.6%, a level not achieved since the
1965 presidential election which had 84.8% participation, the vast majority of the electorate decided not to stay home. Most of them decided against
protest votes, and chose the
vote utile (
tactical voting, literally "useful vote"), that is, a vote for one of the purported leaders of the electoral race (Nicolas Sarkozy, Ségolène Royal and/or François Bayrou). The "Anyone But Sarkozy" push benefited both Bayrou and Royal, etc., passed on Sarkozy's side. On the other hand, some right-wing voters, upset by Sarkozy's attitude on law and order, immigration, and even genetics (his recent declarations on
paedophilia,
homosexuality and
suicides as
genetically induced, denounced by the geneticist
Axel Kahn), decided to vote for Bayrou. Centrist figures of the Socialist party, such as
Michel Rocard and
Bernard Kouchner, have called for an alliance between Bayrou and Royal, which might have consequences in the
June 2007 legislative elections — these will determine the
parliamentary majority, and decide if France will, or not, see another
cohabitation between the President, head of state, and the Prime minister, leader of the government. Former socialist minister
Claude Allègre stated such an alliance was "entirely conceivable," while Royal herself strongly criticised Rocard's comments.
François Hollande, the national secretary of the Socialist Party and Ségolène Royal's partner, excluded any alliance with the centre-right, along with others left-wing leaders, such as
Laurent Fabius or
Dominique Voynet.
Urban votes
In urban areas, most lower and middle-income neighbourhoods and cities voted largely for Ségolène Royal. In the
tenth arrondissement of Paris, Royal obtained 42% against 25% for Sarkozy, and 20.35% for Bayrou; in the
11th arrondissement, Royal obtained more than 40.8% to 25.8% for Sarkozy and 20.9% for Bayrou. In the
18th arrondissement, Royal obtained 41.1% against 23.4% for Sarkozy; in the
19th arrondissement, Royal obtained more than 39%, against almost 28% for Sarkozy; and in the
20th arrondissement, Royal obtained 42.4% against 23.2% for Sarkozy, and 18.3% for Bayrou. Royal also narrowly beat Sarkozy in the normally conservative city of
Bordeaux (31.4% against 30.8%, and 22% for Bayrou), as well as in
Brest,
Caen,
Clermont-Ferrand,
Grenoble,
Nantes,
Rouen,
Lille,
Le Mans,
Montpellier,
Saint-Etienne,
Limoges,
Amiens,
Pau (where Bayrou finished first),
Rennes and
Toulouse (the historical base of the former
Radical-Socialist Party). Working-class Paris suburbs (called
les banlieues) also massively voted for Royal. This was more or less expected, in particular with the high level of registration on the electoral lists by the suburban youths, which had been strongly opposed to Sarkozy since the
2005 riots during which he'd made controversial remarks. Meanwhile, a large number of university students had participated to the
protests against the CPE, proposed by Sarkozy's UMP party, in the spring of 2006; they also strongly backed Royal. She consequently came up first in
Nanterre, with almost 36% against 23% for Sarkozy. She reached 41.6% in
Saint-Denis, against 19.6% for Sarkozy and 15.5% for Bayrou. In
Évry, she also passed the 40% line, while Sarkozy received only 23.6%. In
Créteil, she won a closer race, gaining 35% to Sarkozy's 30% and 18% for Bayrou. In the department of
Seine-Saint-Denis, home to many people of immigrant origin, Royal obtained 34.2% to 26.8% for Sarkozy and 16.7% for Bayrou.
In contrast, wealthy
arrondissements of Paris voted for Sarkozy. The prosperous
16th arrondissement gave him 64% of its vote, against 16.4% for Bayrou and only 11.27% for Royal; the
seventh arrondissement voted for 56% in favour of Sarkozy, to 20.35 for Bayrou and 15.35% for Royal; the
eighth arrondissement voted at more than 58% for Sarkozy to 18.65% for Bayrou and 14% for Royal; the
15th arrondissement voted 41.5% for Sarkozy against 24.3% for Royal and 22.9% for Bayrou. The mostly wealthy Paris suburbs of the
Hauts-de-Seine department, home of
Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy is mayor, voted 38.3% for him, against 26% for Royal and 21.3% for Bayrou. Sarkozy also won in the
Essonne department (more than 31% against 27% for Royal), in the
Seine-et-Marne (33.5% to almost 24% for Royal) as well as in the
Yvelines (37.7% against 23% for Royal and 22% for Bayrou).
Marseille, the second-largest city of France, went Sarkozy's way overall as he won 34.25% of the vote to 27.1% for Royal and only 14.1% for Bayrou (putting a close third ahead of Le Pen, who obtained 13.4%). However, in working-class neighbourhoods of the north of Marseille, such as Savine and the Busserine, Royal received overwhelming support, receiving 60% of the vote in Busserine.
France's third-largest city,
Lyon, also was won by Sarkozy, who received 34.5% of the vote to 27.3% for Royal and 22% for Bayrou. He triumphed as well in the wealthy city of
Aix-en-Provence with 36.8%, against 25.4% for Royal and 19.8% for Bayrou. In
Nice, a conservative stronghold, Sarkozy obtained more than 41% against 20.4% for Royal and less than 15% for Bayrou. Sarkozy also closely beat Royal in the industrial port of
Le Havre (29% against 26.8%), as well as in
Avignon,
Nîmes,
Metz,
Nancy, and
Strasbourg (these last three cities belonging to the
Alsace-Lorraine region).
Regional votes
A map of France's departments shows the candidate of the Socialist Party, Ségolène Royal, came first in the South-West and the
Massif Central, which were traditional bases of the
Radical-Socialist Party during the
Third Republic. She also topped the poll in
Bretagne, except in the department of
Morbihan, but a fifth of electors in Brittany voted for Bayrou.
Nièvre and
Seine-Saint-Denis were other departments where she came first, as well as the overseas departments of
Martinique and
Réunion and the overseas territory of
Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Sarkozy came first everywhere else, except for
Pyrénées-Atlantiques, where Bayrou topped the poll in the department of his birth.
The left regressed, compared 2002, in the
Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, which has traditionally favored Socialist and Communist candidates. The
Nord department, hit hard during the 1980s by an industrial crisis, gave a plurality to Sarkozy (29.3%), while Royal won 24.8% (and won the city of
Lille) and Bayrou received 15.6%.
Marie-George Buffet barely received 5% in the constituency of the Communist deputy
Alain Bocquet.
The
Haute-Garonne, traditional Radical-Socialist territory, voted (including its capital, Toulouse), for Ségolène Royal, giving her 33%, against less than 27% for Sarkozy and slightly more than 19% for Bayrou. The
Corrèze, where Jacques Chirac began his political career as the deputy of
Ussel, also voted slightly in favour of Royal, as did the
Creuse, one of the least-populated departments of France.
The
Alpes-Maritimes, part of the
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region where the National Front won several cities in the 1990s (
Toulon of the
Var,
Marignane of the
Bouches-du-Rhône and
Orange of the
Vaucluse) voted for Sarkozy at 43.6%, while Royal received only 17.9%, Bayrou 15.0%, and Jean-Marie Le Pen 13.5%. The
Vaucluse department gave 32.8% of its votes to Sarkozy, 20.9% to Royal, 16.8% to Le Pen and 15.5% to Bayrou.
The
Vendée, a traditional
Catholic bastion and the home of the
Chouans during the
French Revolution, voted 29.7% for Sarkozy, 21.7% for Royal, 20.8% for Bayrou, and 11.3% for
Philippe de Villiers, deputy of the department. Le Pen. meanwhile, managed only 6.5%.
Le Pen's highest departmental tallies occurred in
Aisne (17.3%) and
Haute-Marne 17%. Other departments to gave him more than 15% were the
Vaucluse (16.8%),
Haute-Saône (16.5%),
Meuse (16.3%),
Ardennes (16.2% — where far-left candidate Besancenot received 5.35%),
Pas-de-Calais (16%),
Oise (15.9%),
Corse-du-Sud (15.9%),
Vosges (15.7%), and
Gard (15.4%),
Departments where Besancenot obtained more than 5% of the vote include
Ardennes,
Aisne (where Le Pen also achieved a strong results),
Ariège,
Allier (where Sarkozy obtained 28% against nearly 26% for Royal),
Calvados (where Sarkozy finished first with 29% to 25% for Royal),
Finistère,
Cher,
Côtes d'Armor,
Creuse,
Indre,
Meurthe-et-Moselle,
Nord,
Meuse,
Moselle,
Pas-de-Calais (6.2%),
Sarthe,
Nièvre,
Puy-de-Dôme,
Somme,
Territoire-de-Belfort,
Seine-Maritime,
Haute-Vienne and the
overseas collectivity of
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (6.5%, along with 5.1% for José Bové; only 6.7% for Le Pen).
The
overseas department of
Martinique has been strongly opposed to Sarkozy;
Aimé Césaire, mayor of
Fort-de-France and leader of the
Négritude movement, refused to see him during his visit there in December 2005 (due to the UMP vote of the
2005 law on colonialism). In the first round, it heavily supported Royal (48.5%, against 33.8% for Sarkozy and only 8.6% for Bayrou; the next highest total was received by Besancenot, with 2.5%).
Réunion also strongly supported Royal (46.2%, to 25% for Sarkozy and 13% for Bayrou). Meanwhile, Sarkozy won in
New Caledonia (with 49.7% of the vote) and in
Guadeloupe (with 42.6%, against 38.3% for Royal), as well as in
French Guiana and the overseas territories of
French Polynesia and
Wallis and Futuna.
Demographic breakdown of the first-round vote
Source: IPSOS, see Sociologie du vote du 1er tour, L'Humanité, 5 May 2007.
30% of men voted for Sarkozy, 24% of them for Royal. 32% of women voted Sarkozy, 27% Royal. 29% of 18-24 years-old voted Royal, against 26% for Sarkozy. Sarkozy also made a higher score for 35-44 years-old and 60-69 years-old, but a lesser score in the 45-59 years-old category.
36% of farmers voted Sarkozy against 8% for Royal. Workers voted at similar levels for both Sarkozy and Royal (21% for each), while public servants voted at 34% for Royal (18% for Sarkozy). 19% of unemployed people voted for Sarkozy, 32% of them for Royal. Students also voted in majority for Royal (32% against 21%), while pensioned elders voted at 41% for Sarkozy (23% for Royal).
Second round
left-right division was reinforced, according to many observers, by the election of Nicolas Sarkozy. 91% of the electors self-identifying as members of the centre-left voted for Royal, and 92% of those who self-identified as centre-right voted for Sarkozy. Chirac's public opposition to the
Iraq War should however be relativised, as he toned down his criticisms after a while. Furthermore, he's involved French
troops in Afghanistan and agreed, immediately after the
September 11, 2001 attacks, on increased cooperation between Western intelligence services, materialised by the creation of
Alliance Base in the centre of Paris, a joint international
Counterterrorist Intelligence Centre.
Law and order — During the 2002 campaign, law and order came to the forefront, especially with respect to unruly youths from poor suburbs. In late 2005, in some of these suburbs significant unrest erupted. Again, law and order was a forefront issue, mainstream candidates tackled the problem of reining in unruly youngsters. Sarkozy proposed measures for harsher criminal procedure for youngsters, while Royal proposed to send unruly youths to centres under military discipline. Sarkozy's attitude has been widely criticised on the left, and also by the UMP minister Azouz Begag, who defected his party to support Bayrou following Sarkozy's management of the autumn 2005 crisis.
Immigration — The issue of immigration in France has split France. The number of deportations more than doubled since 2002, with Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior from 2002-4 and 2005-7. Sarkozy declared in April 2006 that immigrants who didn't "like France" should "leave it". Opponents have labelled Sarkozy's attitude as repressive, in particular towards illegal aliens, materialised by numerous police raids against illegal aliens, strongly opposed by the left. The main problem concerns illegal aliens (sans-papiers, lit.: "without documents") who can't obtain work permits without proper immigration documents and are therefore mostly found in the informal economy - construction, restaurants, etc. Although the right of foreigners to vote was a classic claim of the left-wing, it hasn't been an important issue of the campaign. On the other hand, Sarkozy has declared himself in favour of affirmative action which has been widely contested both on the left and on the right, on grounds that it would favour communautarisme - separation of communities - along ethnic lines, and that it means taking into account ethnic alleged memberships in statistics, which is legally prohibited and not done by the INSEE. Left-wingers argued in favour of social actions not based on ethnic factors, but on geographical situation and equality of territory; however, the traditional Universalism of the French Republicans has also been criticised on the left-wing by some intellectuals supporting a middle-ground between Republican universalism and multiculturalism.
The Far Right — The National Front, long dismissed as a fringe party, stunned many when its leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen, reached the second round of the 2002 elections. Le Pen's points of focus — law and order and immigration — are now openly taken up by politicians such as Nicolas Sarkozy. Ironically, Le Pen on 12 April criticised Sarkozy for being Hungarian and asked if he should run for the president of Hungary (External Link) (External Link). Le Pen is 79 years old, the same age which De Gaulle was when he stepped down from the presidency in 1969. His approval rating in opinion polls markedly increased after France's riots in 2005. As a counterweight, the Left and the cultural elite and athletes (like Lilian Thuram) have risen to oppose Sarkozy's response to the riots.
Anti-neoliberalism and Disarray of left-wing parties — During the 2002 presidential elections, a number of left-wing candidates ran for office, which, according to commentators, was one reason for the defeat of Socialist candidate Lionel Jospin. Jospin blamed in particular Jean-Pierre Chevènement's candidacy, as well as Christiane Taubira's one. However, others commentators have criticised Jospin's attitude and the policies of the PS, which account, according to them, for the low score of Jospin. Inheritor of the SFIO, the PS is historically social-democrat, while the French Communist Party (PCF) is a governmental party, which participated in Jospin's Gauche plurielle (Plural Lefts) government (with ministers such as Jean-Claude Gayssot, etc.). In this sense, the PCF doesn't consider itself a far-left party, to the contrary of the Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) or Workers' Struggle (LO). But the PCF does consider itself part of the "anti-liberal" coalition, which opposed the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE). Inside the French Socialist Party (PS, Parti socialiste) itself, Laurent Fabius headed the minority who opposed the treaty. However, the victory of the "No" during the May 2005 referendum on the TCE hasn't been exploited yet by the left parties or organisations which supported it. The main topic of the non-PS left-wings was to try to choose a single candidate for the "anti-liberal" Left, which opposes neo-liberalism. This eventually failed, and the far-left was represented by four competing candidates, Marie-George Buffet, Olivier Besancenot, José Bové and Arlette Laguiller."
High-level political scandals and disrepute — A number of scandals have tainted various French politicians, including president Jacques Chirac (see Corruption scandals in the Paris region), with some, such as former prime minister Alain Juppé, being convicted. The recent Clearstream affair was exposed as a case of forgery and denunciations involving major politicians from the ruling UMP coalition.
Feminism — France's first woman president had the opportunity to be elected in 2007 — Ségolène Royal, a Socialist, ran following her selection on 16 November 2006 as the candidate for the Socialist Party.
Environment — The environmental party, the Greens, are low in the polls, but Nicolas Hulot, a presenter of an environmentally-themed television show, is very popular and had considered running. Many parties, from the left to the right, were interested in his support.
Labour — Both Royal and Sarkozy called for "labour" to be respected as a value, although the meaning of this is somewhat open to very different interpretations.
Housing and homelessness. Following political actions by the Enfants de Don Quichotte NGO, who set up tents for homeless people by the Canal Saint-Martin in Paris and elsewhere, in December 2006, the problem of homelessness was at the centre of the campaign for a period of time. The death of veteran campaigner Abbé Pierre a short time afterward increased the focus on the issue.
Religion and communautarisme. Sarkozy has opposed both the left-wing and Chirac on the issue of religions, adopting a stance critical of state secularism and of the 1905 law on Separation of the State and the Church. His creation of the French Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM) was strongly criticised as giving an official voice to the more radical sectors of organised Islam.
Bayrou's candidacy. François Bayrou, leader of the Union for French Democracy (UDF) centre-right party, decided to present himself as a centrist candidate. He opposed in particular the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party led by Sarkozy. Critics have pointed-out that Bayrou and his party voted along with the UMP parliamentary majority on nearly all cases. Bayrou's trend is generally considered to be the inheritor of the Christian-Democrat MRP.
Officially proposed policies
Europe
International policies
Economic and social policies
- Royal promised a SMIC (minimum wage) of 1,500 euros per month and 90% of salary for year after losing job. She declared herself for the reimbursement of public aid to companies who offshored themselves, and wouldn't support with public money firms that implement downsizing plans.
- 16 March 2007 - 18:00 (16:00 UTC): Deadline for candidates to have obtained the 500 sponsors from elected officials in at least 30 different departments or overseas territories which are required to run for president.
- 19 March 2007 - 17:30 (15:30 UTC): Official candidate list was announced by the Constitutional Council: 12 candidates.
- 9 April 2007: Official campaign started.
- 20 April 2007: Official campaign ended.
- 21 April 2007: First round of voting took place in Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and in voting offices in embassies and consulates in the Americas.
- 22 April 2007: First round of voting - publication of exit polls was allowed at 20:00 (18:00 UTC) when the last polling stations closed.
- 25 April 2007: Official results of the first round announced.
- 27 April 2007: Official candidate list for second round announced. (External Link)
- 2 May 2007 - 21:00 (19:00 UTC): Nationally televised debate between the two candidates.
- 5 May 2007: Second round of vote in Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and in voting offices in embassies and consulates in the Americas.
- 6 May 2007: Second round of voting - publication of exit polls is allowed at 20:00 (18:00 UTC) when the last polling stations closed.
- 10 May 2007: Official results of the second round announced.
- 16 May 2007 - Midnight (22:00 UTC): Expiration of the term of president Jacques Chirac.
Candidates
Requirements
» Reference: Constitutional Council, FAQ
The requirements for being a candidate are defined by the organic law of 6 November 1962.
All candidates must be of French nationality and at least 23 years old (the same requirement as for the candidates to the National Assembly).
Candidates must obtain signatures from 500 elected officials (for example mayors and members of the Parliament) supporting their candidacy. These signatures from elected officials (informally known in French as parrainages, but legally known as "presentations") must be from at least 30 different departments or overseas territories and no more than 10 percent can be from any individual department. A presentation from an elected official doesn't imply the official supports the policies of the candidate, but rather that this official considers the candidate to be a serious candidate.
Candidates must also submit a statement with details of their personal assets.
The Constitutional Council published the official candidate list on 20 March 2007. The candidates are listed in a randomised order. This order will be used for the official campaign: thus, posters for Olivier Besancenot will always be on the #1 board, those for Marie-George Buffet on the #2 board, etc., regardless of where in France the boards are located.
There were a total of 12 candidates for the 2007 election.
Nicolas Sarkozy was nominated by the Union for a Popular Movement on 14 January 2007. He is the leader of the UMP and was Interior Minister until stepping down to focus on his campaign on 26 March 2007.
Ségolène Royal was selected by the Socialist Party on 17 November 2006 to be the party's candidate for the election. She won 60.6% of the votes in a ballot of party members to choose their candidate, against 20.8% for Dominique Strauss-Kahn and 18.5% for Laurent Fabius. She is the first woman to represent a major French party in a presidential contest.
François Bayrou was nominated by the centrist Union for French Democracy (UDF) on 2 December 2006.
Jean-Marie Le Pen ran for the National Front, a far-right party which promotes policies of strong law enforcement, economic protectionism and strong measures to control immigration. As during previous presidential campaigns, Le Pen raised the question of whether he'd be able to obtain the necessary 500 signatures on a number of occasions, which he claims is the result of pressure placed on elected officials by the major parties to support their own candidate (he has often claimed, during past elections, that "political elites" have sabotaged his campaigns); however, on 14 March 2007 his party said that he'd obtained the necessary signatures.
Image:Nicolas Sarkozy MEDEF.jpg|Nicolas Sarkozy candidate of the Union for a Popular Movement
Image:Royal-san2.jpg|Ségolène Royal candidate of the Socialist Party
Image:BayrouEM.jpg|François Bayrou candidate of the Union for French Democracy
Image:Jean-Marie Le Pen 479834203 5030701e77 o.jpg|Jean-Marie Le Pen candidate of the National Front
Other candidates
These were the eight other candidates who obtained the required 500 signatures from elected officials to endorse their candidacy.
Olivier Besancenot: Revolutionary Communist League
José Bové: Leftist who ran on an alter-globalisation platform
Marie-George Buffet: Communist Party
Arlette Laguiller: Workers' Struggle
Frédéric Nihous: Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition Party
Gérard Schivardi: styled himself as "the mayors' candidate", supported by the Workers' Party
Philippe de Villiers: president of the Movement for France party ran on a traditionalist Catholic and eurosceptic platform, and with a firm anti-Islamic message.
Dominique Voynet: Green Party.
Image:Olivier Besancenot - Airbus public demonstration in Toulouse 0346 2007-03-06.jpg|Olivier Besancenot
Image:José Bové - Meeting in Toulouse for the 2007 French presidential election 0188 2007-04-18 cropped.jpg|José Bové
Image:Marie-George Buffet cropped.jpg|Marie-George Buffet
Image:Arlette Laguiller - Meeting in Toulouse for the 2007 French presidential election 0021 2007-04-18.jpg|Arlette Laguiller
Image:Frédéric Nihous - Langon 2007 - p1 cropped.jpg|Frédéric Nihous
Image:Schivardi écharpe tricolore Bureau Mailhac.jpg|Gérard Schivardi
Image:Philippe de Villiers - Meeting in Toulouse for the 2007 French presidential election 0165 2007-04-16 cropped.jpg|Philippe de Villiers
Image:Dominique Voynet - Anti-EPR demonstration in Toulouse 0261 2007-03-17 cropped.jpg|Dominique Voynet
Confirmed non-candidates
President Jacques Chirac announced on 11 March 2007 that he wouldn't be standing for another term as president. It had been rumoured that President Chirac was considering running for a third term, following statements he made at the beginning of 2007, including his New Year's Address on 31 December 2006, and subsequent speeches which contained robust comments on international policy and detailed national policy proposals with a suggested five year timetable. (External Link) In March, Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy.. There is no provision in the Constitution of 1958 specifying a limited number of terms, though a third term would have been unprecedented under the Fifth Republic.
Christine Boutin announced that she wouldn't be a candidate for the election and pledged her support for Nicolas Sarkozy (source: France 2 news, 2 December 2006).
Rachid Kaci, member of the UMP and President of the group Free Right (la Droite Libre), announced his withdrawal as candidate and also pledged to support Nicolas Sarkozy on 21 December 2006 during a UMP public Forum.
MRC chairman Jean-Pierre Chevènement announced on 10 December 2006 that he wouldn't be running, and that his movement would back Ségolène Royal in return for an electoral agreement in the 2007 general election.
Candidate for the Radical Party, Christiane Taubira in the 2002 election, confirmed that she wouldn't be running following an electoral agreement between her party and the Socialist Party. The Left Radicals in return will support Ségolène Royal.
Nicolas Hulot, television presenter and environmental activist, was widely considered to be a possible candidate following the positive media and public reaction to his recent book and Environmental Charter. On 3 January 2007 Le Figaro newspaper reported that supporters of Hulot had begun gathering signatures to mount a campaign and a website, (External Link), was created to generate support. On 22 January he announced that he won't be a candidate.
Corinne Lepage, environmentalist politician and activist, withdrew her candidacy in favour of Bayrou on 10 March 2007.
Roland Castro, architect and "utopian left" activist, withdrew his candidacy on 12 March 2007.
Édouard Fillias: Alternative Libérale, a new French libertarian party, withdrew his candidacy on 13 March 2007 in favour of Bayrou.
Antoine Waechter: Independent Ecological Movement, withdrew his candidacy on 14 March 2007
Did not get enough endorsements
Yves-Marie Adeline
Yves Aubry
Soheib Bencheikh
Jacques Cheminade
Nicolas Dupont-Aignan: former member of Union for a Popular Movement, announced on RTL radio on 10 January 2007 that he'd obtained approximately 310 promises for signatures to validate his candidacy and intended to stand on a 'sovereignist' platform, against further European integration through the EU.
France Gamerre: Génération Écologie
Nicolas Miguet : right-wing businessman, press publisher and tax protester, he was accused of running a scam in order to obtain the 500 endorsements. He was arrested and freed on bail. Announced that he'd support François Bayrou.
Legal issues and freedom of speech
Apart from issues related to TV and radio time regulated by the broadcasting authorities during the two-week "official campaign", other legal issues related to freedom of speech of candidates appeared during the month before the first round.
Prominent political commentator Alain Duhamel was suspended in 2006 after a video was published on DailyMotion, where he stated his personal intentions of voting for François Bayrou.
Candidate Gérard Schivardi was banned from calling himself le candidat des maires ("the candidate of the mayors"). The 2 April 2007 judicial injunction was requested by the Association of French Mayors, who feared that the candidate might be perceived as officially endorsed by the country's mayors. As a result, he was unable to use the 25 million electoral flyers already printed, which he claims will cost his campaign €300,000.Thus he styled himself as "the candidates of mayors" or "candidate of some mayors" ("de maires" rather than "des maires" — see United Nations Security Council Resolution 242#Semantic dispute for an analogy of this difference between de and des).
Using the three colours of the national flag (blue, white, and red) on electoral advertisements or partisan documentation is prohibited by electoral regulations.. Ségolène Royal contended that the book Ensemble ("together") published by Nicolas Sarkozy, whose cover is blue, white and red, is effectively an electoral partisan documentation and should be covered by this prohibition.
François Bayrou proposed the idea of organising a "debate over the Internet" between the four leading candidates, in order to circumvent the obligation of TV and radio channels to provide equal times to all twelve candidates. However, Nicolas Sarkozy was opposed to such a debate, believing it would be illegal.
French law prohibits publishing the results of opinion polls related to the election during the day of the election and the preceding day, so as to prevent undue influencing of the vote. No estimate can be given before Sunday 8 PM, when the last voting office closes and official counts begin to be released. However, media from neighbouring countries, which are not bound by these regulations, have long broadcasted estimates (Télévision Suisse Romande in particular). In 2007, the issue took a particular importance because of the generalisation of blogs and Internet pages. Journalist Jean-Marc Morandini stirred turmoil when he announced his intention of publishing results on his blog as soon as 18h00 (External Link). Another problem was that the results from the voting offices in the Americas (consulates and French overseas possessions) were counted on Saturday night, and some began circulating rumours as to these results.
Abstention and spoilt votes
Abstention was exceptionally low, as well as protest votes. Blank vote (going to vote, but deliberately cancelling one's ballot, by any means possible — tearing it in two, writing Tintin on it, or anything absurd as such) isn't included in official counts — for example it's considered a spoilt vote, counted as equivalent to abstention. A very small party, the Parti Blanc (White Party, for "white vote," for example blank vote) has called for the official count of white votes by the state (as in None of the above systems). It organised a march in Paris on Wednesday 18 March 2007 in which only thirty people participated..
Electronic voting
For the first time in a presidential election, electronic voting has been introduced in some areas. Voting machines have been authorised in 2004. They have been introduced in only 82 of 36,000 voting districts, and have been criticised by a number of people, both on the left and on the right. A petition against them has also been made (see ).
Position of third parties
French personalities
Approximately 200 French intellectuals expressed support for Ségolène Royal. These included the philosopher Etienne Balibar (a student of Louis Althusser),.
Régis Debray called to vote first for a far-left candidate, then Royal in the second round. while Bernard-Henri Lévy voted for Ségolène Royal. Max Gallo, who had supported the left-wing Republican Jean-Pierre Chevènement in 2002, joined Sarkozy five years later. Pascal Bruckner and Alain Finkielkraut have also proved close to Sarkozy, although they didn't declare support for him, but Sarkozy did support Finkielkraut after controversial statements made in Haaretz newspaper following the 2005 civil unrest. According to the journalist Jacques Julliard, the support of some French intellectuals for the 2003 invasion of Iraq is the root of their rallying to Sarkozy, following the creation of the review titled Le Meilleur des mondes (Brave New World). Pascal Bruckner, historian Stéphane Courtois, Thérèse Delpech, André Glucksmann, Romain Goupil, Pierre-André Taguieff, Olivier Rollin, and Pierre Rigoulot are frequent contributors to this review.
Tennis player Yannick Noah called to vote for Royal, while Sarkozy obtained the support of singers Johnny Hallyday, Mireille Mathieu and Faudel, of rapper Doc Gyneco, and former politician and current actor Bernard Tapie. He also had the support of actors Jean Reno and Christian Clavier, both residing in Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy was the mayor between 1983 and 2002 The humourist Dieudonné and the writer Alain Soral supported Jean-Marie Le Pen. Actress Juliette Binoche supported José Bové.
International support
Abroad, Silvio Berlusconi, the former prime minister of Italy, gave his support to Sarkozy immediately following the first round, while Romano Prodi, the current Italian premier and leader of the centre-left Union coalition, called for an alliance between Bayrou and Royal.
Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero has shown his support for Royal..
European commissioner and Vice-President Margot Wallström was criticised after she informally suggested support for Royal on her blog, celebrating the fact that a woman got into the second round. She said: "J'étais si contente de voir qu'une femme participera au deuxième tour de l‘élection présidentielle!" (I was so happy to see that a woman would be participating in the second round of the presidential election!) Commissioners are not meant to be politically biased in elections under their code of conduct. It should be noted that Wallström is a social-democrat, like Royal. José Manuel Barroso, the head of the European Commission, has privately discussed the idea of forming a "strategic partnership" with Mr. Sarkozy.
Many U.S. pundits and western economists expressed support for Nicolas Sarkozy. Steve Forbes devoted several columns in the influential financial publication FORBES Magazine. The London-based magazineThe Economist also expressed support for Sarkozy's economic platform .
International media coverage
The 2007 presidential elections have been heavily covered by international media due to the significance of France's stature as a European Union member as well as being a member of the G8 nations. For example, on 22 April 2007, CNN International carried live coverage of Ségolène Royal's speech after the day's election. Hala Gorani of CNN also conducted a live interview and analysis with some of France's bloggers and political insiders after Ségolène Royal's speech.
Riots
Thousands of youths took to the streets Sunday night following the final presidential election results. While many simply expressed their discontent at the elections of Nicolas Sarkozy, others chose to engage in violent action. Riots erupted in several urban centers including the capital Paris where some of the most intense clashes were reported in the Place de la Bastille. A gathering of opponents to Sarkozy there quickly ended in confrontations between the youth and the riot control forces, who tear gased the whole place.
732 cars were torched according to estimates of the DGPN (direction of the police) and government buildings and property came under attack. Police clashed with protesters who were described by French media as members of the ultra-left and of the autonome movement or youth from the suburbs. 70 people were arrested in the North department and 79 in Paris. Overall the situation remained calm.
Some clashes continued on the night of Monday to Tuesday, with 365 torched cars and 160 alleged rioters detained by the police. Ten people were in court already by Monday. Two of them were given firm prison sentences of six and three months respectively, and two others to 120 hours of TIG (General Interest Labour, an alternative sentence to prison).Some of the people judged in Lyon have denied any involvement in the riots (two of them received 120 hours of TIG and a 200 euros fine).
300 to 400 people demonstrated on the Boulevard Saint-Michel on Wednesday 9 May, in opposition to a demonstration of white supremacists. By 9pm that night 118 of them had been arrested. A 31 year-old engineer took legal action following his release from custody claiming he'd been a victim of police brutality. He claimed that he hadn't taken part to the demonstrations, but had been arrested nonetheless.
Opinion polling
Exit polls second round
Before the second round of vote
Exit polls first round
Under French Law, exit polls were not officially allowed to be published until after the polling stations close at 1800 UTC. Three polls, the first published by France 2 television conducted by Ipsos, the second conducted by Sofres, the third conducted by CSA, gave:
Before first round of vote
